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翻訳と辞書　辞書検索 [ 開発暫定版 ] スポンサード リンク American Enlightenment ： ウィキペディア英語版 American Enlightenment The American Enlightenment is a period of intellectual ferment in the thirteen American colonies in the period 1714–1818, which led to the American Revolution, and the creation of the American Republic. Influenced by the 18th-century European Enlightenment, and its own native American philosophy, the American Enlightenment applied scientific reasoning to politics, science, and religion, promoted religious tolerance, and restored literature, the arts, and music as important disciplines and professions worthy of study in colleges. The "new-model" American style colleges of King's College New York (now Columbia University), and the College of Philadelphia (now Penn) were founded, Yale College and the College of William & Mary were reformed, and a non-denominational moral philosophy replaced theology in many college curricula; even Puritan colleges such as the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University) and Harvard University reformed their curricula to include natural philosophy (science), modern astronomy, and math. The foremost representatives of the American Enlightenment included men who were presidents of colleges: Puritan religious leaders Jonathan Edwards, Thomas Clap, and Ezra Stiles, and Anglican moral philosophers Samuel Johnson and William Smith. The leading Enlightenment political thinkers were John Adams, James Madison, George Mason, James Wilson, and Alexander Hamilton, and polymaths Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson. Leading scientists, included Benjamin Franklin for his work on electricity and William Smith for his organization and observations of the Transit of Venus, Jared Eliot for his work in metallurgy and agriculture, the astronomer David Rittenhouse in astronomy, math, and instruments, Benjamin Rush in medical science, Charles Willson Peale in natural history, and Cadwallader Colden for his work in botany and town sanitation; Colden's daughter Jane Colden was the first female botanist working in America. ==Dates== Various dates for the American Enlightenment have been proposed, including the dates 1750-1820,〔Ferguson ''Robert A., The American Enlightenment, 1750-1820'', Harvard University Press, 1994〕 1765 to 1815,〔Adrienne Koch, referenced by Woodward, C. Vann, ''The Comparative Approach to American History'', Oxford University Press, 1997〕 and 1688-1815.〔Henry F. May, referenced by Byrne, James M., ''Religion and the Enlightenment: From Descartes to Kant'', Westminster John Knox Press, 1996, p.50〕 One somewhat more precise start date proposed 〔Olsen,Neil C., ''Pursuing Happiness: The Organizational Culture of the Continental Congress'', Nonagram Publications, ISBN 978-1480065505 ISBN 1480065501, 2013, p. 145〕 is the introduction of a collection of donated Enlightenment books by Colonial Agent Jeremiah Dummer into the library of the small college of Yale at Saybrook Point, Connecticut on or just after October 15, 1714. They were received by a young post-graduate student Samuel Johnson, of Guilford Connecticut, who studied the Enlightenment works. Finding they contradicted all his hard learned Puritan learning, he wrote, using the metaphors of light that would soon be used to characterize the age, that, “All this was like a flood of day to his low state of mind”,〔Johnson, Samuel, and Schneider, Herbert, ''Samuel Johnson, President of King's College; His Career and Writings'', editors Herbert and Carol Schneider, New York: Columbia University Press, 1929, Volume 1, p. 7〕 and that “he found himself like one at once emerging out of the glimmer of twilight into the full sunshine of open day." Two years later in 1716 as a Yale Tutor, Johnson introduced a new curriculum into Yale using the donated Dummer books, offering what Johnson called "The New Learning",〔Johnson and Schneider〕 which included the works and ideas of Francis Bacon, John Locke, Isaac Newton, Boyle, Copernicus, and literary works by Shakespeare, Milton, and Addison.Joseph Ellis has traced the impact of the newly introduced Enlightenment ideas on the ''Yale Commencement Thesis of 1718''.〔Joseph J. Ellis, ''The New England Mind in Transition: Samuel Johnson of Connecticut, 1696-1772'', Yale University Press, 1973, Chapter II and p 45〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「American Enlightenment」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク 翻訳と辞書 : 翻訳のためのインターネットリソース Copyright(C) kotoba.ne.jp 1997-2016. All Rights Reserved.